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Hortus Conclusus is a Latin term, meaning literally "enclosed garden". "The word garden is at root the same as the word 'yard". It means an enclosure", observed Derek Clifford, at the outset of a series of essays on garden design, in which he skirted the conventions of the hortus conclusus. Hortus conclusus is both an attribute and title of the Virgin Mary in Medieval and Renaissance poetry and art, suddenly appearing in paintings and manuscript illuminations about 1400, and a genre of actual garden that was enclosed both symbolically and as a practical concern, a major theme in the history of gardening.
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